To date, there are no known problems associated with long term use of lamotrigine. It is a safe and effective medication when used as directed. It is important to note that some of the side effects listed above (particularly rash and suicidal thoughts) may continue to occur or worsen if you continue taking the medication.Jul 2, 2011 · I have searched all over the net and can't find anything beyond pretty basic info on possible side effects. I have been on lamotrigine for 15 years, since the age of 15. I have small muscle twitches quite often and some memory loss. Childhood memories are very foggy. I also get a very noticeable spaced-out/disconnected feeling when I don't take ... In uncontrolled, long-term schizophrenia trials, this drug was associated with a mean increase in glucose from baseline of 1.8 mg/dL at 24 weeks, 0.8 mg/dL at 36 weeks, and 2.3 mg/dL at 52 weeks. Similar results were observed in bipolar depression studies.Rarely, lurasidone can cause deadly symptoms. NMS can affect your heart, muscles, and kidneys. See your doctor right away if you get: A high fever. Stiff muscles. A change in your mood or behavior ... Fatigue. Nausea. Tremor. Rash. Weight gain. Most of these side effects lessen with time. Long-term effects vary from drug to drug. In general: Pregnant women should not take anticonvulsants ...Aug 1, 2023 · dryness of the mouth. feeling of warmth and redness of the face, neck, arms, and occasionally chest. heartburn. increased sweating. increased urination. itching of the vagina. trouble sleeping. Other side effects not listed may also occur in some patients. If you notice any other effects, check with your healthcare professional. Apr 8, 2021 · Although ophthalmological testing was performed in 1 controlled clinical trial, the testing was inadequate to exclude subtle effects or injury occurring after long-term exposure. Moreover, the capacity of available tests to detect potentially adverse consequences, if any, of lamotrigine's binding to melanin is unknown. Lamictal Tablet. - Uses, Side Effects, and More. Warnings: Rarely, serious (sometimes fatal) skin rashes have occurred while taking this medication. These rashes are more common in children than ... 55. 9 yr. ago. 🏕️⛺. I started taking Lamictal earlier this year and am currently taking 200 mg daily. Memory loss was one of the first side effects I noticed. It's very frustrating, but Lamictal is really helping me so I continue to take it. I wonder what the long term effects will be. I'm paranoid about getting Alzheimers when I'm older ... Dec 1, 2021 · Definitely a very bad side effect was the degeneration of my teeth, my dentist implied it was quite common, a marked improvement since I stopped taking them in 2018. It does not seem to be listed there. My general bone density is poor after many seizures over the years, especially my rib cage and skull, I have reached a limit one more seizure ... The clinical features of these psychiatric side effects are: affective switches, full acute psychotic episodes, and hallucinations. In conclusion, lamotrigine is an effective drug, very useful in the therapy of epilepsy and mood disorders, but clinicians have to be aware of the risk that it can induce psychiatric symptoms or acute episodes.Traditional AEDs such as valproate and enzyme-inducing AEDs (EIAEDs) may produce high incidences of decreased libido. Recently, sexual function changes related to new AEDs have been reported. Topiramate, pregabalin and gabapentin may cause SD, whereas oxcarbazepine, lamotrigine and levetiracetam may improve sexual function.Lamictal Tablet. - Uses, Side Effects, and More. Warnings: Rarely, serious (sometimes fatal) skin rashes have occurred while taking this medication. These rashes are more common in children than ...Other side effects include: infection, dyspepsia, abnormal gait, constipation, and drowsiness. Continue reading for a comprehensive list of adverse effects. Applies to lamotrigine: oral tablets conventional, oral tablets extended-release film-coated, oral tablets for oral suspension, oral tablets orally disintegrating.Apr 8, 2021 · Although ophthalmological testing was performed in 1 controlled clinical trial, the testing was inadequate to exclude subtle effects or injury occurring after long-term exposure. Moreover, the capacity of available tests to detect potentially adverse consequences, if any, of lamotrigine's binding to melanin is unknown. Precautions Talk with your doctor Lamictal (lamotrigine) is a brand-name drug that’s prescribed for bipolar disorder and epilepsy. As with other drugs, Lamictal can cause side effects....The phase IV clinical study analyzes which people take Lamotrigine and have Dizziness. It is created by eHealthMe based on reports of 61,601 people who have side effects when taking Lamotrigine from the FDA, and is updated regularly. You can use the study as a second opinion to make health care decisions. Phase IV trials are used to detect ...For Anxiety "I have taken lamotrigine for years with no side effects. It takes approximately 1.5-2 months for lamotrigine to take full effect. Side effects are typically avoided by starting at very low doses (I started at 25 mg once a day) and slowly increasing the dose over time.I have been on Lamictal for a long time now and it helps me greatly. It had some side effects in the beginning tho. Increase in sexdrive, appetite fluxtuation, insomnia, and mild dehydration were mine. Every drug effects everybody differently tho. I haven't had any long term side effects from this drug. Aug 3, 2021 · Lamotrigine did not work in acute mania; it did not work in acute bipolar depression; and it did not work in rapid cycling. But bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic condition, and that is where the medication succeeded: in the maintenance phase. The 2 positive studies looked at lamotrigine in the long term, over 1 and a half years. Jul 19, 2012 · But Lamictal does give me low red blood cell counts, for which I take a B12 supplement. If Lamictal (or some other cause) has led to a B12 deficiency, that could explain a number of your symptoms. A B12 deficiency can cause: --weakness, tiredness or light-headedness. --rapid heartbeat and breathing. Many people can take lamotrigine safely for several months or years. But there are some side effects that might happen over a long time. Long-term treatment with lamotrigine can cause osteoporosis and osteopenia, increasing your risk of breaking a bone. Your doctor can arrange for tests to check your bone strength.Jun 9, 2007 · redness of the face, neck, arms and occasionally, upper chest. shakiness and unsteady walk. sudden death. trouble concentrating. trouble sleeping. unconsciousness. unsteadiness, trembling, or other problems with muscle control or coordination. unusual paleness. Some side effects may occur that usually do not need medical attention. Submitted by sportz_nut on Fri, 2009-05-01 - 16:46. I can't think of any long term for Lamictal, it has been my savior the past 8 years, as for Keppra, I don't know if it has and effect on the body, I do know that if your freind has trouble sleeping give them a Keppra, they should be out like a light. "My side effect from Keppra anyway".For example, it is known that side effects like: ataxia, blurred vision, double vision, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting – are substantially more likely to occur among persons taking Lamictal at dosages of 500 mg per day – compared to persons taking Lamictal at dosages of 300 mg per day.Rarely, lurasidone can cause deadly symptoms. NMS can affect your heart, muscles, and kidneys. See your doctor right away if you get: A high fever. Stiff muscles. A change in your mood or behavior ... Other long-term side effects of Vraylar are possible. If you have questions about your risk of side effects from the medication, talk with your doctor. ... (Lamictal) If you have questions about ...The initial use of lamotrigine was to treat people with depressed, manic and mixed states that did not respond to existing medications. Some patients are now being maintained on lamotrigine on a long term basis in an attempt to prevent future episodes. Evidence regarding the effectiveness of lamotrigine as a long-term prophylactic agent is ... I have been on Lamictal for a long time now and it helps me greatly. It had some side effects in the beginning tho. Increase in sexdrive, appetite fluxtuation, insomnia, and mild dehydration were mine. Every drug effects everybody differently tho. I haven't had any long term side effects from this drug.Summary. Common side effects of Lamictal ODT include: ataxia, skin rash, headache, insomnia, and nausea. Other side effects include: infection, dyspepsia, abnormal gait, constipation, and drowsiness. Continue reading for a comprehensive list of adverse effects. Applies to lamotrigine: oral tablets conventional, oral tablets extended-release ...About lamotrigine Who can and cannot take it How and when to take it Side effects Pregnancy, breastfeeding and fertility Taking lamotrigine with other medicines and herbal supplements Common questionsAt first I was just on abilify— a pretty high dose— and while it kept me free from hypomania, it didn’t really do much for the depression. Lamictal, on the other hand, has worked wonders in that respect. Very little side effects— I wake up nauseous but it fades after about an hour, and it’s definitely worth it. Blistering, peeling, or loosening of the skin chills cough dark urine diarrhea fever general feeling of discomfort or illness headache itching joint pain loss of appetite memory loss muscle cramps, pain, or weakness red or irritated eyes runny nose shivering small red or purple spots on the skin ...May 20, 2022 · Many people can take lamotrigine safely for several months or years. But there are some side effects that might happen over a long time. Long-term treatment with lamotrigine can cause osteoporosis and osteopenia, increasing your risk of breaking a bone. Your doctor can arrange for tests to check your bone strength. Lamictal Tablet. - Uses, Side Effects, and More. Warnings: Rarely, serious (sometimes fatal) skin rashes have occurred while taking this medication. These rashes are more common in children than ... Lamotrigine can be used to treat the following partial seizures, primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, bipolar I disorder maintenance and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Off-label uses include treating acute bipolar depression, fibromyalgia, schizophrenia, and unipolar depression. This activity covers lamotrigine, including mechanism of action, pharmacology, adverse event profiles, eligible ...To date, there are no known problems associated with long term use of lamotrigine. It is a safe and effective medication when used as directed. It is important to note that some of the side effects listed above (particularly rash and suicidal thoughts) may continue to occur or worsen if you continue taking the medication.May 20, 2022 · Many people can take lamotrigine safely for several months or years. But there are some side effects that might happen over a long time. Long-term treatment with lamotrigine can cause osteoporosis and osteopenia, increasing your risk of breaking a bone. Your doctor can arrange for tests to check your bone strength. It is estimated that between 5% and 10% of people who take this medication will develop skin rashes and/or have unbearable side effects (i.e. aseptic meningitis, fever, fatigue, etc.). In many cases, the side effects associated with this medication outweigh the benefits of taking it.Traditional AEDs such as valproate and enzyme-inducing AEDs (EIAEDs) may produce high incidences of decreased libido. Recently, sexual function changes related to new AEDs have been reported. Topiramate, pregabalin and gabapentin may cause SD, whereas oxcarbazepine, lamotrigine and levetiracetam may improve sexual function. hoarseness. lack or loss of strength. pain in the lower back or side. swelling of the hands, feet, or lower legs. trembling or shaking. Common side effects that do require medical attention ...Feb 13, 2018 · Adverse effects. Lamotrigine’s adverse effect profile is similar to placebo in all categories except sleep disruption. 1 This often presents as vivid dreams and can be minimized by dosing in the morning and using behavioral methods to deepen sleep. Other adverse effects usually improve with dose reduction. Difficulties in swallowing the ... Abstract. Effective treatment of epilepsy depends on medication compliance across a lifetime, and studies indicate that drug tolerability is a significant limiting factor in medication maintenance. Available antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have the potential to exert detrimental effects on cognitive function and therefore compromise patient wellbeing. The phase IV clinical study analyzes which people take Lamotrigine and have Dizziness. It is created by eHealthMe based on reports of 61,601 people who have side effects when taking Lamotrigine from the FDA, and is updated regularly. You can use the study as a second opinion to make health care decisions. Phase IV trials are used to detect ...Jul 25, 2022 · Lamictal rash is a possible side effect of the medication lamotrigine, which is sold under the brand name Lamictal. It can be a mild rash or a more serious rash as a result of Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis. It is important to contact your doctor as soon as you experience any side effects of Lamictal, including a rash. Abdominal or stomach pain (severe) blurred vision, aching, burning, or swollen eyes. chest pain. confusion. discomfort while urinating or frequent urination. fever. hallucinations or seeing, hearing, or feeling things that are not there. itching. mental depression or other mood or mental changes.Submitted by sportz_nut on Fri, 2009-05-01 - 16:46. I can't think of any long term for Lamictal, it has been my savior the past 8 years, as for Keppra, I don't know if it has and effect on the body, I do know that if your freind has trouble sleeping give them a Keppra, they should be out like a light. "My side effect from Keppra anyway".Serious long-term side effects that Lamictal can cause include: multiorgan hypersensitivity syndrome and organ failure hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (a potentially fatal immune system reaction)Apr 12, 2023 · Lamictal (lamotrigine) is a mood stabilizer and anticonvulsant prescribed to treat bipolar disorder and epilepsy. This medication can be used to reduce the occurrence of mood episodes in people with bipolar disorder and to control seizures in people with epilepsy. If people suddenly stop taking their medication, they may experience Lamictal ... I take lamotrigine for 1,5 years, it was added to my lithium and wellbutrin. It made me much more stable and it took the most of the depression away. It made such a difference, I can handle so much more. I still got major mood swings but I bounce back to normal much faster. And normal is longer. 55. 9 yr. ago. 🏕️⛺. I started taking Lamictal earlier this year and am currently taking 200 mg daily. Memory loss was one of the first side effects I noticed. It's very frustrating, but Lamictal is really helping me so I continue to take it. I wonder what the long term effects will be. I'm paranoid about getting Alzheimers when I'm older ...Jul 19, 2012 · But Lamictal does give me low red blood cell counts, for which I take a B12 supplement. If Lamictal (or some other cause) has led to a B12 deficiency, that could explain a number of your symptoms. A B12 deficiency can cause: --weakness, tiredness or light-headedness. --rapid heartbeat and breathing. The phase IV clinical study analyzes which people take Lamotrigine and have Brain damage. It is created by eHealthMe based on reports of 61,601 people who have side effects when taking Lamotrigine from the FDA, and is updated regularly. You can use the study as a second opinion to make health care decisions. Phase IV trials are used to detect ...Aug 11, 2023 · multiple swollen and inflamed skin lesions. muscle pain or stiffness. muscle tension or tightness. normal menstrual bleeding occurring earlier, possibly lasting longer than expected. numbness of the feet, hands and around mouth. pains in the stomach, side, or abdomen, possibly radiating to the back. About lamotrigine Who can and cannot take it How and when to take it Side effects Pregnancy, breastfeeding and fertility Taking lamotrigine with other medicines and herbal supplements Common questionsMany people can take lamotrigine safely for several months or years. But there are some side effects that might happen over a long time. Long-term treatment with lamotrigine can cause osteoporosis and osteopenia, increasing your risk of breaking a bone. Your doctor can arrange for tests to check your bone strength.The long-term consequences of this are unknown. Lamotrigine is known to affect sleep. ... In addition, lamotrigine shares few side effects with other, unrelated ...May 30, 2014 · It is estimated that between 5% and 10% of people who take this medication will develop skin rashes and/or have unbearable side effects (i.e. aseptic meningitis, fever, fatigue, etc.). In many cases, the side effects associated with this medication outweigh the benefits of taking it. Submitted by sportz_nut on Fri, 2009-05-01 - 16:46. I can't think of any long term for Lamictal, it has been my savior the past 8 years, as for Keppra, I don't know if it has and effect on the body, I do know that if your freind has trouble sleeping give them a Keppra, they should be out like a light. "My side effect from Keppra anyway". Lamictal is rapidly absorbed and peak levels are reached within 1.7 to 4.8 hours of administration. The effects of Lamictal last for over 24 hours and once-daily dosing is often prescribed. However, some doctors prefer to split the dose to decrease the risk of side effects such as drowsiness. 7.Many people can take lamotrigine safely for several months or years. But there are some side effects that might happen over a long time. Long-term treatment with lamotrigine can cause osteoporosis and osteopenia, increasing your risk of breaking a bone. Your doctor can arrange for tests to check your bone strength.To date, there are no known problems associated with long term use of lamotrigine. It is a safe and effective medication when used as directed. It is important to note that some of the side effects listed above (particularly rash and suicidal thoughts) may continue to occur or worsen if you continue taking the medication.Jun 18, 2023 · In long-term studies of at least 48-weeks in adults, increased from baseline in mean fasting cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides were 5.6 mg/dL, 2.5 mg/dL, and 18.7 mg/dL, respectively. Mean increases in fasting lipid values (total cholesterol, LDL and triglycerides) were greater in patients without evidence of lipid dysregulation at baseline. lamotrigine (Lamictal) for seizures and bipolar disorder can cause a rare but very serious reaction that excessively activates the body’s infection-fighting immune system. This can cause severeRarely, lurasidone can cause deadly symptoms. NMS can affect your heart, muscles, and kidneys. See your doctor right away if you get: A high fever. Stiff muscles. A change in your mood or behavior ... Tell a doctor or call 111 straight away if you have a serious side effect, including: worsening fits or seizures (if you take lamotrigine for epilepsy) unexpected bruising or bleeding, a high temperature or sore throat – these could be signs of a blood disorderThe safety of using Lamictal during pregnancy has not been established. Lamictal is secreted into breast milk, and breastfeeding while taking Lamictal is not recommended. Our Lamictal Side Effects Drug Center provides a comprehensive view of available drug information on the potential side effects when taking this medication.Lamotrigine (LTG) is a drug commonly used to treat epilepsy and can also be used to manage mood disorders, such as bipolar disorder. One of the most dangerous adverse effects of LTG is skin rash, which can make early cessation necessary. Here, we examine the adverse effects associated with long-term use of LTG for the treatment of mood disorders.Apr 25, 2018 · lamotrigine (Lamictal) for seizures and bipolar disorder can cause a rare but very serious reaction that excessively activates the body’s infection-fighting immune system. This can cause severe Although ophthalmological testing was performed in 1 controlled clinical trial, the testing was inadequate to exclude subtle effects or injury occurring after long-term exposure. Moreover, the capacity of available tests to detect potentially adverse consequences, if any, of lamotrigine's binding to melanin is unknown.Long Term Effects for Lamotrigine. Sun, 08/21/2016 - 14:16. Topic: Living With Epilepsy - Adults. I have been on Lamotrigine for the past year at 300MG per day. I have started to experience major mood swings, headaches and dizziness, anger problems as well as memory and attention issues. I'm starting to look into the long term effects of this ...Add Gift Card. Check Gift Card status and balance. Our major shipping carriers have informed us to expect temporary service disruptions due to COVID-19 impacts & natural weather situations across the U.S. As a result, shipments may experience delays. Cart (6) Price. 5HSSLD21159-DPIBLUE-OS. SKU. Basics Side effects Lamictal rash Common questions Dosage What to consider Uses Withdrawal Overdose How to take Cost Resources and support Q&A Lamictal basics If you have bipolar disorder,...Many short-term side effects subside after a few weeks (once your body has gotten used to the drug). Long-term: Some individuals may take the drug for an extended period of time and be tolerating it fine, and then notice side effects that become problematic after a year or two. Usually over the long term an individual has increased their dosage ...Descriptions. Quetiapine is used alone or together with other medicines to treat bipolar disorder (depressive and manic episodes) and schizophrenia. Quetiapine extended-release tablet is also used together with other antidepressants to treat major depressive disorder. This medicine should not be used to treat behavioral problems in older adult ...Mar 18, 2023 · Abdominal or stomach pain (severe) blurred vision, aching, burning, or swollen eyes. chest pain. confusion. discomfort while urinating or frequent urination. fever. hallucinations or seeing, hearing, or feeling things that are not there. itching. mental depression or other mood or mental changes. About lamotrigine Who can and cannot take it How and when to take it Side effects Pregnancy, breastfeeding and fertility Taking lamotrigine with other medicines and herbal supplements Common questions hoarseness. lack or loss of strength. pain in the lower back or side. swelling of the hands, feet, or lower legs. trembling or shaking. Common side effects that do require medical attention ...Lamotrigine Pregnancy Warnings. Animal studies have shown developmental toxicity at doses estimated to be lower than those used clinically. Pregnant rats administered 3 doses (5, 10 or 20 mg/kg) during the latter part of gestation had increased offspring mortality (including stillbirths) at all doses. The lowest effect dose for peri/postnatal ...Lamictal is available in generic form as lamotrigine. Lamotrigine, also known as Lamictal, is a medication used to treat several different types of seizures. Typically, it is used as an add-on medicine for adults whose partial seizures are not well controlled by another seizure medicine. Learn about Lamotrigine’s usage, side effects, and ...Jun 1, 2023 · Geriatric Although appropriate studies on the relationship of age to the effects of lamotrigine have not been performed in the geriatric population, geriatric-specific problems are not expected to limit the usefulness of lamotrigine in the elderly. Other long-term side effects of Vraylar are possible. If you have questions about your risk of side effects from the medication, talk with your doctor. ... (Lamictal) If you have questions about ...
At first I was just on abilify— a pretty high dose— and while it kept me free from hypomania, it didn’t really do much for the depression. Lamictal, on the other hand, has worked wonders in that respect. Very little side effects— I wake up nauseous but it fades after about an hour, and it’s definitely worth it. . My phone wouldn
Warning. Suicidality Antidepressants may increase risk of suicidal thinking and behavior (suicidality) in children, adolescents, and young adults (18–24 years of age) with major depressive disorder and other psychiatric disorders; balance this risk with clinical need. b c d Venlafaxine is not approved for use in pediatric patients. 1 3 (See Pediatric Use under Cautions.)Aug 11, 2023 · multiple swollen and inflamed skin lesions. muscle pain or stiffness. muscle tension or tightness. normal menstrual bleeding occurring earlier, possibly lasting longer than expected. numbness of the feet, hands and around mouth. pains in the stomach, side, or abdomen, possibly radiating to the back. I have been on Lamictal for a long time now and it helps me greatly. It had some side effects in the beginning tho. Increase in sexdrive, appetite fluxtuation, insomnia, and mild dehydration were mine. Every drug effects everybody differently tho. I haven't had any long term side effects from this drug. At first I was just on abilify— a pretty high dose— and while it kept me free from hypomania, it didn’t really do much for the depression. Lamictal, on the other hand, has worked wonders in that respect. Very little side effects— I wake up nauseous but it fades after about an hour, and it’s definitely worth it.Side effects include: Immediate-release lamotrigine (the active ingredient contained in Lamictal CD ) as adjunctive anticonvulsant therapy in adults: dizziness, headache , diplopia, ataxia, nausea , blurred vision, somnolence, rhinitis, pharyngitis , rash.Tell a doctor or call 111 straight away if you have a serious side effect, including: worsening fits or seizures (if you take lamotrigine for epilepsy) unexpected bruising or bleeding, a high temperature or sore throat – these could be signs of a blood disorder55. 9 yr. ago. 🏕️⛺. I started taking Lamictal earlier this year and am currently taking 200 mg daily. Memory loss was one of the first side effects I noticed. It's very frustrating, but Lamictal is really helping me so I continue to take it. I wonder what the long term effects will be. I'm paranoid about getting Alzheimers when I'm older ...Results. Treatment efficacy was observed at week 4, with the improved HSDS scores sustained until week 52 for all types of BP; 50% of the patients with any type of BP could be treated with LTG for 1 year, whereas ~40% could be treated for >1.5 years. However, 25% of the patients were withdrawn within the first 4 weeks.Basics Side effects Lamictal rash Common questions Dosage What to consider Uses Withdrawal Overdose How to take Cost Resources and support Q&A Lamictal basics If you have bipolar disorder,...May 30, 2014 · It is estimated that between 5% and 10% of people who take this medication will develop skin rashes and/or have unbearable side effects (i.e. aseptic meningitis, fever, fatigue, etc.). In many cases, the side effects associated with this medication outweigh the benefits of taking it. 55. 9 yr. ago. 🏕️⛺. I started taking Lamictal earlier this year and am currently taking 200 mg daily. Memory loss was one of the first side effects I noticed. It's very frustrating, but Lamictal is really helping me so I continue to take it. I wonder what the long term effects will be. I'm paranoid about getting Alzheimers when I'm older ...Tell a doctor or call 111 straight away if you have a serious side effect, including: worsening fits or seizures (if you take lamotrigine for epilepsy) unexpected bruising or bleeding, a high temperature or sore throat – these could be signs of a blood disorderOct 4, 2016 · That said, the side effects associated with lamotrigine may be more tolerable than side effects induced by other anxiolytic medications. As was already mentioned, lamotrigine does not appear to impair cognitive function and may even provide a modest boost in cognition. Additionally, long-term trials suggest that lamotrigine is a “weight ... hoarseness. lack or loss of strength. pain in the lower back or side. swelling of the hands, feet, or lower legs. trembling or shaking. Common side effects that do require medical attention ...Nov 2, 2022 · The most commonly observed side effects were dizziness, somnolence, diplopia, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, ataxia, abnormal vision, abdominal pain, tremor, dyspepsia, abnormal gait, headache, balance disorder, and asthenia. In clinical trials in children aged 1 month to 4 years, the most commonly reported side effect was somnolence. Adverse effects. Lamotrigine’s adverse effect profile is similar to placebo in all categories except sleep disruption. 1 This often presents as vivid dreams and can be minimized by dosing in the morning and using behavioral methods to deepen sleep. Other adverse effects usually improve with dose reduction. Difficulties in swallowing the ....